Classroom Assessment Essay

Introduction Assessment is the process of obtaining information about a student academic status in school. According to Gronlund and Waugh (2009), assessment is a continueous process, and an integral part of the classroom instruction process. â€Å"It helps in determining learning readiness, in monitoring and improving learning, and in grading or clarifying students achievement † (p. V). The purpose of assessment is to obtain information about a student academic status in order to make decisions on how to help students, teachers and school improve. Proper interpretation of the assessment result is key component in deciding the implication for both the student and teacher. Interpretation of the results For the purpose of this assignment, the assessment results are based on a formative reading assessment used to measure the extent to which students have mastered a specific learning outcome for vocabulary unit in a hypothetical remedial reading class of struggling readers. According to Gronlund & Waugh (2009), formative assessment is used to monitor student progress during instruction and is designed to measure mastery of the learning outcomes of a limited segment of instruction. The test is a criterion- referenced because Assessment Development and Use According to Gronlund and Waugh (2009), careful consideration must be given in planning and preparing the assessment. Specific questions concerning the goals of the curriculum, instructional objectives, learning outcomes, and procedures for the assessment were major focus in developing the assessment (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009). The institution provided guidelines of what the students should know and able to do. As a result, reviewing the specific instructional objective outcomes and constructing relevant test items were keys in developing the assessment. In constructing each test item, addition, focus was given to the selection type and matching items to specific learning outcomes. Gronlund and Waugh (2009) stated, â€Å" Use the item type that provide the most direct measures of student performance specified by the intended learning outcome† (p. 76) Assessment Interpretation and Grading Gronlund and Waugh (2009), described two types of assessment interpretations. Norm-referenced interpretation compares an individual performance with others. Criterion- referenced interpretation compares the individual with himself and tells what and how each individual performs without comparison to others (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009). The assessment is criterion-referenced, and is one of many assessments throughout the course. The result from the assessment will be used to indicate the extent of which each student master the specific knowledge and skill taught in the unit. Grades assigned to the students work will represent the extent to which the instructional objectives have been achieved (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009). Students will be assigned a letter grade (A, B, C, or D) according to their performance on the assessment. Gronlund and Waugh (2009) stated, â€Å"letter grades are typically assigned by comparing a student’s performance to a prespecified standard of performance† (p. 192). The results will not be used to compare student performance against others, but will aid in planning instruction for future lessons. I chose criterion-referenced assessment as a means of helping students achieve mastery of the instruction, and improve learning by determining what they know and what they don’t know. Grading Rubric References Angelo, T. A. , & Cross, K. P. (1993). Classroom assessment techniques: a handbook for college teachers (2nd ed. ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gronlund, N. E. , & Waugh, C. K. (2009). Assessment of student achievement (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Teacher Centered And Learner Centered

Student-CenteredStudent-centered learning is viewed as a progressive approach to teaching. The focus in student-centered learning is to make students more aware of the material they are learning and why it is important. Teachers want to make students more active in the classroom, by encouraging them to interact with one another. The teacher measures achievement based on individual student performance, instead of comparing each person to their peers. Teachers practicing student-centered learning techniques encourage students to create their own learning goals. Instead of writing objectives on the syllabus that states the material that will be covered during the course, these teachers write objectives displaying the knowledge the student will gain after completing the course. Teachers encourage students to learn through activities such as classroom debates, discussions, peer mentoring, field trips, creating individual portfolios and participating in both self and peer reviews. By incor porating these activities into the lesson, teachers want students to learn skills that can be transferred to other activities in their students’ lives.Teacher-CenteredTeacher-centered learning is the traditional approach used by educators in the classroom. This method of teaching is very regimented. Teachers choose the course material based on the curriculum they are required to cover by the end of the semester. Student success is based upon a measure of individual performance in comparison to the work of the rest of the class. Emphasis is placed on the instructor in a teacher-centered classroom. The lecture follows a strict format where the teacher talks and the students listen to what she has to say. The classroom is very quiet, as students work on assignments individually, instead of with their peers. Classroom objectives are measured upon the amount of material covered, not necessarily the level of learning achieved by each student. Students are all given the same learnin g goals, which are based on the information covered in class. Teacher Centered And Learner Centered Student-CenteredStudent-centered learning is viewed as a progressive approach to teaching. The focus in student-centered learning is to make students more aware of the material they are learning and why it is important. Teachers want to make students more active in the classroom, by encouraging them to interact with one another. The teacher measures achievement based on individual student performance, instead of comparing each person to their peers.Teachers practicing student-centered learning techniques encourage students to create their own learning goals. Instead of writing objectives on the syllabus that states the material that will be covered during the course, these teachers write objectives displaying the knowledge the student will gain after completing the course. Teachers encourage students to learn through activities such as classroom debates, discussions, peer mentoring, field trips, creating individual portfolios and participating in both self and peer reviews. By incorp orating these activities into the lesson, teachers want students to learn skills that can be transferred to other activities in their students’ lives.Teacher-CenteredTeacher-centered learning is the traditional approach used by educators in the classroom. This method of teaching is very regimented. Teachers choose the course material based on the curriculum they are required to cover by the end of the semester. Student success is based upon a measure of individual performance in comparison to the work of the rest of the class. Emphasis is placed on the instructor in a teacher-centered classroom.The lecture follows a strict format where the teacher talks and the students listen to what she has to say. The classroom is very quiet, as students work on assignments individually, instead of with their peers. Classroom objectives are measured upon the amount of material covered, not necessarily the level of learning achieved by each student. Students are all given the same learning goals, which are based on the information covered in class.

Deviance Behavior and the Possible Causes Essay

Some may say its biological or psychological and even sociological reasons. There have been many studies to try and determine why people have deviant behavior and what happens to individuals when norms are broken. Not all behaviors are judged the same by all groups. For example, some may question if there are conditions under which suicide is an acceptable behavior. Lets same one person commits suicide in the face of a terminal illness but another person is a despondent person who jumps from a window, the second person may be judged differently. The first person’s suicide may be looked at with pity which the second person would be looked at in a shameful way. Another behavior that would highly be considered deviant would be committing a crime. For example, juvenile gangs provide an environment where young people learn to become criminals. Gang members glorify violence and retaliation as means to achieve social status. Whether it is an act of a crime or gang violence, criminals learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to their street or gang’s norms. Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public, starting fires, stealing, lying, prostitution, and being gay to name only a few as being deviant. Therefore people who engage in deviant behavior are referred to as deviants. References Richard T. Schaefer. (2012). Sociology – A Brief Introduction (Tenth Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, New York. Sociology of Deviance and Crime. (2013) By Ashley Crossman.

Saudi EFL Learners Awareness of World Englishes-(Second Language Essay

Saudi EFL Learners Awareness of World Englishes-(Second Language Varieties) - Essay Example The primary means by which these flows and networks are established and maintained is through the use of a common contact language. English, the most widely diffused contact language, is the primary linguistic channel through which these flows take place†¦ English is thus a globalized phenomenon that is continuously being LOCALIZED during its countless interactions. The fact that globalization is a very fast process prescribes that children need to be proficient in the English language to be competent in their international dealings (Doman, 2005). Due to the wide proliferation of learning English language, various cultures have adopted the language and integrated their own cultural flavor in it. World Englishes are forms of the English language that non-native English speakers use with native English being American and /or British English. Members of a certain culture use English to suit their own communication styles. Considering the variety of cultures in the world, there are now more non-native English-speakers than native speakers (Jenkins, 2006; Canagarajah, 2007). This includes Saudi Arabian nationals. 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 The Field of World Englishes 'New Englishes' or 'World Englishes' is usually used to refer to the new varieties of English. Mesthrie and Bhatt (2008) state that "it has become customary to use the plural form 'Englishes' to stress the diversity to be found in the language today, and to stress that English no longer has one single base of authority, prestige and normativity." The authors clarify that World Englishes "represents all varieties except the L1 varieties of places like the UK and USA" (Mesthrie and Bhatt, 2008). Accrdoging to Hoffmann and Siebers (2009), "what is often referred to as "the" English language is in fact a heterogeneous and linguistically fascinating group of first (L1), second (L2) and foreign language varieties. A more appropriate cover term is thus World Englishes, which highlights the diversity and world-wide distribution of these varieties" (Hoffmann and Siebers (2009). Salikoko S. Mufwene refers to the notion of ecology, which is the concept borrowed from biology to provide a clear insight into the formation of New Englishes. Focussing on the indigenization of English in North America, Mufwene claims that American English emerged as a variety distinct from British English dialects due to an interaction of several ecological factors (fauna, flora, and socio-economic structures as well as the speaking habits and communicative needs of some of its speakers). Hoffmann and Siebers (2009). Therefore; the specific vernacular of English that arose in Northern America is a result of the universal ecological mechanisms of language contact. Mesthrie and Bhatt emphasise that sociolinguists need to acknowledge that community attitudes and expectations are important. Kachru himself acknowledged that there are many ambiguities, where language attitudes are concerned: The non-native speake rs themselves have not been able to accept what may be termed the 'ecological validity' of their nativised or local Englishes. One would have expected such acceptance, given the acculturation and linguistic nativisation of the new varieties. On the other hand, the non-native models of English (such

Jubilee Debt Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jubilee Debt Campaign - Essay Example There have been claims that these debts have been a continuation of the legacy of colonialism in the way they are given out without looking at the way in which they will be repaid. 1 The jubilee campaign has been a debt calling for eth cancellation of more the $400 billion which the developing nations owe to the G8 countries. It is a campaign that has taken a moral direction on the way these debts have been issued and the legality of these debts in light of the world unequal distribution system of the world. The campaign has been calling for the cancelation of the debts in light of the fact that while the whole nation continue to be paying for the debts, most of them are not used to build the interest of the while nation but rather they are channel to build the interest of the few individuals who are in the leadership of these countries. These debts therefore have a lot of negative impact on women and children, education, climate change, heath sector and the general welfare of the society. The campaign has realized some progress as some debts totaling to $88 billion has been cancelled off but there is a lot that is to be done. The main assertion of the campaign is that most of the debts can be attributed to irresponsible lending decision. Although the developing nations have also been blamed for the increased debt d... The paper look at the case of the helping the poor nation and the moral issues that surrounds. Then it will look at how the developing world has accumulated these debts and the role that developed nation has played. Finally it will set the agenda on what could have been done in order to reverse the situation. Debt as a continuation legacy of colonialism The history of debt in the developing nations has been described as legacy of great siphoning off of their resource by the international financiers. It has been described as unjust process which is used by the rich and developed nation in order to siphon the resource of the developing nations and to ensure that the developing nations live under the shadow of their will. It is a process that has been designed in order to perpetuate itself using a diabolical mechanism where debt replicates in an even greater scale to create cycle that can only be broken by the use of debt relief mechanisms. 2 There have been claims that the process of debt creation in the developing world has been result from unjust transfer to them the debts that they have been accumulated in a colonizing state. To support this argument there is a lot of evidences that shows that a massive $59 billion in form of external debts to the developing world was transferred to the independent state when they were given independence in 1960. The debts have been increasing at a great rate of about 14 percent since then as a result of the unilaterally set rate. This has led to high rate of increase of these debts. Even before the new independent state got time to organize their economies, there were their lenders knocking on the door to get their money back. In order to understand the cycle of debt well,

Cellular Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cellular Microbiology - Essay Example (Institute of Materials, Great Britain, P. 223) The importance is far reaching, from environmental O2 /CO2 balance to the synthesis of artificial herbicides that act on unwanted herbs by blocking some important steps in this energy producing process. The chlorophyll pigment alone has lead to new avenues for thoughts and research on the importance of photosynthetic processes and has paved the way for the synthesis of certain medicinal drugs exploiting its photoprotective mechanisms for preventing light induced damage of cells. The chlorophyll research has added to the significance of this novel energy yielding life process and has led to the foundation of drug therapy for treatment of tumors, carcinoma and related maladies. In fact the earliest forms of photosynthetic plants principally inhabited the water bodies, especially in the warm mineral rich pools, mainly due to the intense effect of ultraviolet radiation on the land due to the absence of the ozone layer. Instead of oxidizing, with a highly reducing nature of environment, principally due to the sparse oxygen count, the warm pools full of evolving life forms probably utilized the massive energy resource to convert the simple inorganic compounds to complex organic biomolecules, like, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, etc, paving the way for the synthesis of nucleic acids and complex proteins and enzymes. (Pearson, P. 10) This definitely potentiated the production of biomolecules required oxygen production. As the oxygen level in the atmosphere increased slowly with the passage of time, plants reached out and slowly colonized the lands progressively transforming their semi-aquatic habitats to terrestrial by nature. With the evolution of the earliest microbes that resembled cyanobacteria, algae and lichens till the further differentiated poikilohydric bryophytes evolved. About 25 million years ago, these non vascular bryophytes were soon followed with vascular homioihydric plants capable of maintaining their internal water content at an optimum level irrespective of the external environmental conditions. However before the origin of these photosynthesizing life forms the challengingly low levels of atmospheric oxygen as hypothesized by the geologists, required an explanation of unknown factors that increased the atmospheric oxygen count at a considerable extent. This unknown process of oxygen accumulation in the atmosphere through an unexplained time gap of hundred million years can be associated with a number of presumable theories each of which has its own investigational platform. "The red line shows the inferred level of atmospheric oxygen bounded by the constraints imposed by the proxy record of atmospheric oxygen variation over Earth's history. The signature of mass-independent sulphur-isotope behaviour sets an upper limit for oxygen levels before 2.45 billion years ago and a lower limit after that time. The record of oxidative weathering after 2.45 billion years ago sets a lower limit for oxygen levels at 1% of PAL, whereas an upper limit of 40% of PAL is inferred from the evidence for anoxic oceans during the Proterozoic. The tighter bounds on atmospheric oxygen from 420 million years ago to the present is set by the fairly continuous

Compare the Federalist and Democratic philosophies of government Essay

Compare the Federalist and Democratic philosophies of government - Essay Example With the start of the new government under the Constitution, President George Washington made his former aide de camp, Alexander Hamilton, United States Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton was immediately tasked with coming up with a plan to restore public credit. Hamilton proposed the fairly ambitious Hamiltonian economic program and organized alliances to get these measures passed through the Congress. The measures he proposed were far from universally popular. In particular, they were well liked by the commercial North, and were heartily disliked by the agrarian South. This spurred James Madison, Hamilton's ally in the fight to establish the United States Constitution, to join with Thomas Jefferson in opposing Hamilton's program. The Democratic Party evolved from the political factions that opposed Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies in the early 1790s; these factions are known variously as the Anti-Administration "Party" or the Anti-Federalists. In the mid-1790s, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison organized these factions into a party and helped define its ideology in favor of yeomen farmers, strict construction of the Constitution, and a weaker federal government. ... The new party was especially effective in building a network of newspapers in major cities to broadcast its statements and editorialize in its favor. By 1790 or 1791, coalitions were forming in Congress for and against the Hamiltonian program. These were nameless, shifting ad-hoc factions, not permanent political parties. By 1792 or 1793 newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters "Federalists" and the opponents "Republicans". In 1791, Jefferson and Madison travelled widely looking for alliances with factions and parties at the state level. They had support from the short-lived Democratic-Republican Societies. Their major success came in New York, where long-term governor George Clinton, and ambitious newcomer Aaron Burr, signed up, as Hamilton was the son-in-law of General Schuyler, one of Clinton's enemies. Hamilton likewise realized the need for support in the states; he formed connections with local factions, and used his network of Treasury agents to link together friends of the government, especially businessmen and financiers in the new nation's dozen small cities (Schlisinger 1992). The state networks of both parties began to operate in 1794 or 1795, thus firmly establishing what has been called The First Party System in all the states. Patronage now became a factor. The winner-take-all election system opened a wide gap between winners, who got all the patronage, and losers who got none. Hamilton had over 2000 Treasury jobs to dispense, while Jefferson had one part-time job in the State Department, which he gave to journalist Philip Freneau; Madison had none. In New York, however, Clinton used dubious methods to win the election for governor and used the vast

Cold War Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cold War Years - Essay Example The strength of the country is based on its alliance with the United States, which has to be sustained in order to continue strengthening its position in the region (Forsberg 3). As a capitalist country that pursues a free market, it is essential to note that its alliance with the United States has helped it stem any potential aggression towards it from the Soviet Union. Japan has the advantage of having a ready market for its products in the United States and this has enabled it to ensure its continued economic growth while at the same time helping it stabilize it after the Second World War. As a result of its alliance with the United States, Japan has once again come to attain a preeminent role in the world and this is no mean feat considering the dire conditions in the country after the war. Japan has numerous threats both domestic and external that have a potential of undermining its position. Among these is the increasing aggressiveness of the Soviet Union in the Asian region. The Soviet Union shares a common border with Japan and this has a potential of conflict taking place as a result of a possible violation of its borders. Furthermore, Japan might end up being a target of the communist regimes that are springing up across the region as seen in Vietnam and North Korea, at the instigation of the Soviet Union. The history of Japan and neighboring states such as Korea and China prior to the Second World War has left these countries with a sense of injustice and hatred that might result in their choosing to attack Japan as a means of exacting revenge. It has therefore become essential for Japan to take swift action in order to safeguard its interests against those who would seek to undermine it. Currently, Japan does not have any conflicts with any other country in the region and the government should strive to ensure that the situation remains the same. Among the most

National Park Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Park - Research Paper Example Furthermore, primeval indications of human adjustment to virtually unsympathetic environment are also present (UNESCO, 2013). In 1979, the park was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site (UNESCO, 2013); and in 2010, through the America the Beautiful Quarters program, it was revered with its own personal coin. Nature and Science Grand Canyon National Park possesses a geological uniqueness that is manifested by its rare physical characteristics. Unlike most national parks, the Grand Canyon, as what it is famously known, stages a wide-ranging structure of tributary canyons (NPS, 2013), which likewise conjoins size, depth, and bared layers of vibrant and multi-coloured rocks. The canyon is whittled out by the cut of the Colorado River. The park is generally divided into two main public areas: The North Rim and the South Rim. The remainder of the park is very rocky, bleak, and nearly isolated; nevertheless, many of these distant locations can be reached by backcountry roads and pack trail. Mo reover, the park does not only boast its well-polished, smooth rocks, but it also shows off its evergreen forests that makes the park a complete package for tourists and hikers alike. This rich diversity has further been proven by the identification of 1000 plant species found in the park (UNESCO, 2013). Environmental Factors and Issues Recently, Uranium mining has become rather common in the area (Richardson, 2011; Reese, 2010). Thus, environmental factors that may cause some degree of damage to the park have become a concern to its managers. It has been observed that for more than five decades, there have been found radioactive residues that are accruing in and around the Grand Canyon (Richardson, 2011). Nowadays, the National Park Service warns the visiting public to avoid â€Å"drinking and bathing† (Grand Canyon Trusts, 2012) in the Colorado River surrounding the Grand Canyon. While to infer that the water pollution brought about by the radioactive residues found in the Colorado River is not definitive and conclusive, indeed, the mining and transportation of radioactive materials can potentially cause pernicious effects not just to the plants, but most importantly, to the people visiting the canyon. Today, a 20 year moratorium has been ordered by Ken Salazar, Secretary of the Interior, to avoid mining activities in and around the canyon (Grand Canyon Trusts, 2012). Natural Features and Ecosystems Grand Canyon’s ecological and geological richness are displayed in various forms, magnificence and environmental significance. A World Heritage Site, Grand Canyon National Park holds more than a lot of natural features and ecosystems that could absolutely capture every person’s eyes. Caves and Karst System Grand Canyon National Park contains an estimated 1000 caves called speleothems (NPS, 2013); although, out of this number, there are only about 330 that have been recorded or inventoried. The caves found in the park are distinctive in shape and location. Unlike the usual caves that we see, the caves in the Grand Canyon burst out of the plateaus’ laterals. These caves have also unusual shapes and takes irregular forms. According to the National Park Service (2013), archaeological remains have been found in some of these caves i.e. split-twig figurines and do have â€Å"unique biological systems.† In addition to caves, Grand Canyon is widely known for its karst system: the geological formation formed by the disbanding of layers such as limestone. The park’

Movies Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movies - Movie Review Example The film mainly concentrated on the lives of the ordinary people, like Ricci and his family, and how they struggle daily to make ends meet. It also shows the desperation of such poor people and their belief in traditions such as seers for consolation. In the end, morally upright people like Ricci indulge in unlawful acts such as theft because they are driven by circumstances like poverty and failed police systems. Citizen Kane is a film that exceptionally uses a variety of camera features and effects to produce quality work. An example of camera technique used is the low camera angle at different scenes (Mamer 167). The aim of this was to elaborate the tension between characters in the film, which in turn displayed dominance or threatening mood in the film. This technique has been used in the floor scene where there was a confrontation between Kane and Jed. It has also been used at the scene where Kane died. The film is also composed of non linear story telling feature. This is becau se it is full of flashbacks and flash forwards when Kane dies, which attempt to explain it. Another feature is the use of varying points of view. This is illustrated when the close friends of Kane try to explain what he could have meant when he said ‘Rosebuds’. These two techniques assist in placing the audience in the shoes of the reporter. Citizen Kane also utilizes the combined effect of framing, deep focus and blocking (Mamer 168). These features are responsible for displaying the progress of Kane in different stages of life and the importance of such progress. The camera is placed at the window when Kane, as a boy, plays in the snow. Though he is far away, he is still focused within the frame of the window. Blocking enables the audience to see Kane’s mother and Mr. Thatcher on the right, Kane at the center while his father is at the left. ‘Birth of a Nation’ is another film that has utilized a number of stylistic features. The film uses inter ti tles that enable the audience to understand what is difficult to infer. A variety of camera movement is used, ranging from cut-ins to fade-ins, and long shots to close ups (Mamer 168). This technique distinguishes the chase scenes and help in development of suspense in the film. It is true that some films have a lasting appeal compared to others. One of the possible explanations to this could be the relevance of the film to the audience. The audience tends to be attracted to films that are relevant to the contemporary society, and that relates to their life. For example, The Bicycle Thief will not lose its appeal to the working class, and poor audience since most of the film occurrences are similar to theirs. If a film lacks multiple demographic appeals, it is likely to lose appeal faster compared to the ones with multiple demographic appeals. These ensure that a variety of features are all incorporated in the film to accommodate a bigger audience. An example is the combination of f an service, epic fantasy and/or with science fiction. I like McDonagh’s films, that is, ‘Seven Psychopaths’ and ‘In Bruges’. This is because McDonagh is a professional director who displays great writing skills. In addition, his films depict the fact that he is well versed with setting selection for his films. ‘In Bruges’, for example, is set in Belgium, which provides a setting that is well suited for the many layers of the story. His other film, ‘

Opponents of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Opponents of Globalization Essay Globalization is a dream that any idealist would want but developing countries have been paying the price for capitalism. International trade may be reaping profits for rich countries but it also destroys cultural identity and further impoverishes Third World countries. It is inevitable that globalization would homogenize people. To be able to market their goods, multi-national corporations need to create â€Å"the same values, the same tastes and use the same advertising† (Turning Point Project, 2002, para. 3). Participating in global markets also requires adapting to the language of the key players. A factual example is when â€Å"an advisory commission to the late Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi suggested that English be adopted as the second official language of Japan† (Kawai, 2003, para. 1). Altering the language of a people can directly make a nation lose its identity. These efforts drown local tastes from which domestic industries rely on therefore causing the collapse of national businesses which can cause further poverty. To be able to play in the international arena, developing countries rely on loans from global financial entities to sustain productivity. â€Å"Third World countries mortgage their future by selling off irreplaceable capital-their natural resources (Suzuki, 2003, p. 96). In fact, Brazil has chosen to allow the destruction of the Amazon forests to pay off their loans. Perseverance to pay the debts also pushes these poor countries to grow a certain crop as compared to their natural tendency to plant the different basic food to meet the needs of their population. The shift of land away from local food crops decreases the supply and increases the price, thus further impoverishing the people (Gore, 2006, p. 54) . These debts are therefore purpose-defying. The world is beautiful because of cultural diversity and each nation needs to protects its natural resources. Globalization poses a threat to the impoverished and should be controlled before it further destroys lives.

Philosophy - Free

Philosophy Free Will vs Determinism Essay The dialogue between philosophers over the existence of free will versus the inevitability of determinism is a debate that will always exist. The discussion centers around the true freedom of humans to think and act according to their own judgment versus the concept that humans are intrinsically bound by the physical laws of the universe. Before I enter this chicken and the egg debate I need to quantify my terms: Free will is defined by the great philosopher, St. Thomas Aquinas as â€Å"vis electiva† or free choice. It is the ability of man to contemplate and judge the effects of the actions he is about to take. †¦But man acts from judgment, because by his apprehensive power he judges that something should be avoided or sought. But because this judgment, in the case of some particular act, is not from a natural instinct but from some act of comparison in the reason, therefore he acts from free judgment and retains the power of being inclined to various things. † (Aquinas. Suma Theologica) Determinism is a complex notion but is best described by David Hume as the notion that something cannot come from nothing and that all actions have causes preceding them. I conceive that nothing taketh beginning from itself, but from the action of some other immediate agent without itself. And that therefore, when first a man hath an appetite or will to something, to which immediately before he had no appetite nor will, the cause of his will, is not the will itself, but something else not in his own disposing. So that whereas it is out of controversy, that of voluntary actions the will is the necessary cause, and by this which is said, the will is also caused by other things whereof it disposeth not, it followeth, that voluntary actions have all of them necessary causes, and therefore are necessitated. (Hume. Liberty and Nessessity. ) Philosophy and world religion alike were born of the same origins. Each of the two ancient disciplines arose from the quest for the answers to life’s ominous questions. These human questions, archetypical to people of all geographic locations; where did we come from; why are we here; where do we go when we die; unite us as a race. It is no coincidence that each religion and theology from all four corners of the earth tackles these black holes of human logic. Each religion carves their own individual explanations of these unanswerable questions into their core belief systems, each one centrally different than others. However, they all share one common thought; each shares a belief in an afterlife determined by the choices made in life. Free will is the common denominator in all world religions, because all share the essential concept of morality. The widespread acceptance of the concept of morality implies that there is a choice to be had at each and every juncture or life. The choice comes from recognition of good and evil. For good and evil to exist, then there has to be the ability to decipher between the two and also decide to accept one over the other. The existence of morality alone proves that free will exists, because without the freedom to choose right or wrong in any given situation there would be no qualitative measure of the â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"wrongness† of ones actions. David Hume comments on the origin of morality and its place in our everyday decision making processes, â€Å"Only when you turn your reflexion into your own breast, and find a sentiment of disapprobation† (Hume.  Treatise of Human Nature). In other words, there are no outside stimuli that can decipher good from evil; the line can only be drawn by internal thought. Hume was a naturalist in that his vision of the world and therefore stance of philosophy was based directly through the experiences of the senses. His stance on many issues directly originated from his ability to experience it with the five senses, and on the subject of morality he takes exception. Even he recognizes the existence of morality in everyday life, even though it cannot be explained through the lens of the senses. It would seem that morality’s acceptance must therefore prove that free will exists, but there is one essential school of thought yet to weigh on this topic; science. Science was the latest bloomer of the three major disciplines of existential explanation and in the post modern era is becoming more and more popular. As the world becomes further secularized and the reaches of scientific logic continue to exceed their grasp, many of the world’s intellectuals identify â€Å"truth† on a scientific scale. Science does not support the theory of morality, because it can’t be proven to exist. The notion of â€Å"free-will†, something which world religion and philosophies alike recognize as a fundamental part of our human anatomy, is called into question in a few simple and logical ways. Science supports the theory of determinism as the only logical explanation of the unfolding of the actions of our lives. First off, science has recently developed the discipline known to us as physics, in which the laws of the universe have been defined. In the short time in which humans have been graced by the scientific understanding of the laws of the universe, human kind has yet to fully step back and contemplate the magnitude of this discovery. In generations past, humans believed that we were made special with â€Å"free will†, but now we know that like all things in the universe we are subject to the physical laws. This is a huge step forward in rational thinking because it allows us to understand that our previously God given concept of â€Å"free will† was really a result of a lack of understanding of the deterministic laws of the universe. For instance a law as simple and commonly accepted as â€Å"gravity† challenges the idea of free will. Gravitational pull determines that no matter the size of an object, once separate from the surface of the earth will be dragged back down at the same force every time. This is a simple concept that we take for granted, but it works in the free will v. determinism argument. We are ruled by gravity, and therefore all of our lives activities answer to it. We can’t choose to jump off a building and float in the air because we’ll be pulled back to the ground to our imminent deaths. We can’t choose to stay younger and keep our skin tight to our faces because gravity’s long-term effect causes our skin to droop down towards the ground. The choices I just listed may seem farfetched to some, however, if we examine the notion that we have â€Å"free will† in the empirical sense of the word we see that not all of our decisions are controlled by us, and that we fall victim to the tyrannical rule of the physical laws of the universe. We aren’t truly â€Å"free† to create our own actions in life. Albert Einstein offers a particularly apt synopsis, â€Å"Everything is determined, the beginning as well as the end, by forces over which we have no control. It is determined for the insect as well as the star. Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible piper. (Albert Einstein) The rule of physical law aside, which hinders us from truly being â€Å"free† to choose our own actions in life, is a much more simple scientific argument that dispels the notion of free will. For example: Say a 20 year old man murders another man in cold blood. They have no affiliation, no prior knowledge of who each other is, or reason to dislike each other. Man A walks up to random Man B and shoots and kills him. Was this action of Man A a result of â€Å"free will†? To examine the notion fully you need to look at his action coming from two sources. Either Man A was born with the moral flaw to allow himself to find killing another human acceptable, or that Man A was influenced during the course of his life by interactions and actions of others and came to that conclusion based on his own experience. There is no other explanation for Man A to willingly choose to open fire on Man B and kill him. If we look at the first option, Man A’s natural moral compass was skewed, allowing for him to conceive the notion that killing another is okay. This speaks to the determinant nature of our chemical makeup. Its possible his DNA made a mistake coding somewhere and he developed overtime and understood that killing another is â€Å"wrong† or maybe that his entire sense of â€Å"right from wrong† was skewed inside his mind. This would lead Man A to lead a life normally on the outside, and yet without regard for consequence, open fire on another man and kill him as easily as he could have held a door for him. This is the idea that he naturally had the capacity to kill, and that he could not control it. Eventually one of his animalistic impulses would finally stick and he’d be in the right place at the right time, and that it was only a matter of time until he killed someone. If you don’t subscribe to that theory and believe that he chose to kill Man B that day, try and consider that the results will still be pre-determined. If Man A killed Man B due to his choice, then his own â€Å"free will† and judgment that he finds reprehensible to kill another man can’t be attributed to truly â€Å"free† will of choice. Not every human kills others as part of their natural lifestyle, as they might kiss or mate with another. In fact a very small percentage of people in the world murder other humans, and this begs the question of why? What makes this small percentage of people â€Å"choose† to kill another person? The answer is that if they choose to do it, and they weren’t previously miswired so as said in the prior paragraph, then they must have been influenced by their surroundings. When Man A was six years old he didn’t choose to murder Man B, the events of his life led him to make this decision about whether or not murder was okay. This is yet another reason that he wasn’t truly free to choose; outside influence hinders the ability to choose freely. Whether he was abused, molested, lost a loved one, or just plain fed up with the monotony of everyday life in society, something pushed him over the edge. Something allowed for him to justify his actions; that something is outside influence. This deterministic train of thought explains why people do what they do, but not when. What makes us actually hit the point of no return, or when will the right opportunity hit the right mood leading the right action? (In our example the murder of Man B) The paradox between â€Å"free will† and â€Å"determinism† exists because of the influence of the different schools of thought. If one aligns his personal truth based on religious fervor, then an understanding of â€Å"free will† can exist logically and on the other hand if one bases his logic around science then â€Å"determinism† seems to be the only answer. So where does that leave philosophy, the great bridge between the two polarized schools of thought? It leaves philosophy somewhere in the middle, examining the validity of both sides of the argument, and helping to shed light on the debate over whether or not we truly are free to make a choice or if we are merely floating along the currents of the universe. Personally, I’m lost somewhere in the middle, hoping that the answer to this time-old question will be revealed.

Ethical Issues In Contractors Tendering Practices Construction Essay

Ethical Issues In Contractors Tendering Practices Construction Essay Ethics examine the morality of human conduct; it studies the basic principles of moral behaviour and is concern with the right or wrong of human behaviour. Every rational human being has an idea of what it is for something to be right or wrong, although sometimes it is difficult to evaluate what is wrong or right depending on the circumstance of such action (Etim, 1999). Business ethics is therefore a collection of moral principles or a set of values dealing with what is right or wrong, good or bad in business transactions. Such sets of values are being shared within the business community as well as the society as a whole. Moral ideas are considered to be inappropriate for everyday business dealings and some actions are disregarded due to the strong desire to make profit. Some have argued that ethics and business do not mix, and that the two are in direct conflict with each other. In fact, it has been said that companies that are truly ethical are going out of existence. Construction contracts can be obtained by negotiation or by competitive tendering (Shash, 1993; Ashworth, 2001). In competitive tendering, an owner invites a selected number of contractors to compete for the project. This method of tendering is considered as the most common means by which building and engineering contracting firms obtain works, and the dominant mechanism for allocating construction contracts (Ward, 1979; Yusif and Odeyinka, 2000; Ashworth, 2001; Hiyassat, 2001; Harris and McCaffer, 2001; Shen et al, 2004). The business of tendering for construction contracts has a large ethical component. Ethical principles in tendering are formally prescribed in the codes of conduct related to tendering process. The codes are designed to delegate responsibilities to both competing contractors and the client and to minimize the potentials for unethical practices. This work intends to examine cover pricing, collusive tendering and rate loading among other unethical practices which construction contractors sometimes engage in during tendering. Cover pricing in construction tendering Fu, Drew and Lo (2004) observe that contractors tendering behaviour is subject to their winning intent. It is however known that winning may not be the only objective in tendering. Although the tendering codes stipulates that tenderers shall only bid where they intend to carry out the work if successful, some contractors for some reasons sometime decide to submit tenders based on cover-price. Cover prices are tender prices which have been provided at rates specifically designed to lose the tender but which may appear to be competitive. Despite attempts to prevent this practice, several instances of cover pricing sometimes called non-serious tenders have been reported. When a contractor with a reasonable workload receives a set of tender documents from a reputable client and consulting organizations, the contractor has to decide what to do: first whether to do nothing, to return the tender documents or to submit a tender. A tender may be submitted in one of three ways: by obtaining a cover price, by preparing a tender based on accurate estimate, and by preparing a tender based on approximate estimate. The option to do nothing is not considered suitable due to the potential harm such a course of action might cause to the reputation of the contractor with the client, consultants and their business contacts. Also the option of returning the tender documents may be perceived by the contractor as unsatisfactory because it might mean exclusion from future tender list, although this should not be the case according to the code of procedure for tendering. Some reasons for the issuing of cover price by contractors to include: little interest in the contract; lack of resources to competently complete the work; shortage of time to compile tender; desire to remain considered for future contracts; and little chance of winning due to the large number competing contractors for the same contract. It is reported in Skitmore and Runeson (1999) that clients often give the perception that a failure to tender will prejudice a contracting firm in the future tendering exercise, and the consequence of this is the so called cover price which cannot easily be distinguished from a genuine competitive tender. Also, Runeson (1988) remarks that some tenders are based on cover prices not intended to win the contract and therefore above the expected price, and submitted to recover deposit moneys or to keep faith with the client or consultants. However, Lowe and Parvar (2004) provide a different perspective to cover pricing. They submit that tendering options available to a contractor are simply acceptance or rejection of the tendering opportunity, although, rejection does not mean that the contractor does not submit a tender. Unsatisfactory past experience with a particular client or consultants regarding personality or payment, high cost of tendering and inadequate information often resulted in inflation of the tender price (cover price) rather than a refusal to tender. Cover price can ruin the competitiveness of a tendering process and can also lead to collusion among tendering contractors. However, despite its unethical nature and illegality in some countries, there are some arguments in its favour. The shortage of time to compile a bona fide tender could compel a contractor to submit tenders based on cover price. The recognition of this fact may have prompted the Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS) in its Code of Procedure for Competitive Tender to state that: time allowed for completion of tender should relate to the scope of project. Adequate tendering time allows tenderers to obtain competitive quotations and thus, ensure the return of most competitive prices with least mistakes (Clause 4.2.1) Lowe and Parvar (2004) believe that only few contractors will actually decline an invitation to tender. However, it appears that contractors react differently to the perceived fear that the option of returning tender documents might exclude them from clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ future tender process The report of a survey of some Nigerian building contractors indicate that when they receive a set of tender documents at a time their firms have a reasonable workload, they return the tender documents to the clients or their representatives with an apology for their firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inability to tender. Only a few contractors admit to engaging in the practice of cover pricing. Contractors who admit to using cover pricing in tendering reveal that their action is mostly driven by little or no interest in the contract under consideration and the desire to remain considered for future contracts and tendering process. Some contractors cited other reasons such as the personality of the cl ient, risk and unpredictability of the construction period as well as heavy workload as some reasons why cover pricing may be an option for their firms. Whether or not a cover price is provided with good intention, the fact remains that it results in lessening real competition of tenders. Collusion in Tendering Chen et al (2005) submit that one purpose of the standard tendering procedures is to reduce potential for collusion and manipulation of pricing. According to Ray et al (1999), collusion is a method of pricing control by contractors to substantially lessen competition. Collusive tendering occurs where several contractors have been invited to tender and the contractors agree among themselves either not to tender, or to tender in such a manner as not to be competitive with the other contractors. It has the effect of substantially lessening competition. The main reasons for this practice among contractors are that it provides: an even distribution of construction work for all the contractors involved a means of entering what is an apparently bona fide tender a means for discussion and agreement over illicit profit making such as amounts for cover price, and unsuccessful tendering fee. The practice, or possibilities for the practice of collusion is a factor among several other issues related to ethical tendering, and it is contrary to the ideals of competition. It only benefits those parties to the agreement at the expense of those outside, including clients and other contractors. Sheldon cited in Ray et al (1999), while examining collusion in the UK, holds that collusion agreement are seen as an attractive means of maintaining a steady flow of work and achieving higher, risk-adjusted, discounted profit. The tender codes of some countries clearly prohibit unethical practices such as collusion on tenders, inflation of prices to compensate unsuccessful tenderers or any such secret arrangements. The very fact that tendering contractors communicate with each other can be taken to be a form of collusive behaviour under competitive tendering process. Though, little evidence of collusive tendering seems to be available in Nigeria construction industry, it is pertinent for industry practitioners and clients to be aware of the possibility of such unethical practice. Rate loading Usually, a construction tender is priced in such a way that the prices of each item comprise the cost of that item plus a uniform percentage allowed as profit and overheads. This is not always the case. Contractors may mark up the bill items by different percentages to create some element of rate-loading in order to create a favourable cash flow. Two aspects of rate loading are front-end loading and claims loading. Construction contracts only become self-financing towards the completion of the project. Therefore contractors are required to engage a considerable amount of their own capital in the execution of the work, at least in the early stage. In an attempt to minimize the involvement of their capital and make the project self-financing at an early stage, they resort to price manipulations. Items which the contractor expects to be executed early in the project have prices which contain a disproportionately large content of overheads and profits and items to be executed in the later stage of the project have their prices reduced accordingly to maintain competitiveness (Fellows et al, 2002). This pricing strategy in construction tenders is referred to as front-end loading. Due to the time-value of money, the situation further benefit contractors but place a cash flow burden and greater risk on clients. There is also the practice of claims loading where contractors insert higher profit margin into unit rates related to those work items which they expect to be increased through variation orders during the execution of the contract (Xu and Tiong, 2002). Conclusion Unethical tendering practices such as cover pricing, collusive tendering and rate loading have the potential of reducing real competition and eroding the benefits of competitive tendering. They can also place enormous financial burden on client. Construction consultants therefore have a duty to carefully examine tenders for construction contracts to identify any such practice and possibly caution or sanction contractors who may have engage in these practices.

Environmental Causes of Schizotypal Personality Disorder :: essays research papers

The Environmental Causes of Schizotypal Personality Disorder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), is considered by many as part of the schizophrenic spectrum. It is characterized by discomfort with other people, peculiar patterns of thinking and behavior, and eccentricity. These may take the form of cognitive or perceptual disturbances. Yet, unlike schizophrenia, these psychotic symptoms are not as fully developed as delusions or hallucinations but instead can be characterized as perceptual illusions. A person suffering from SPD might become extremely anxious in social situations, especially those involving strangers. Schizotypal patients also tend to be overly suspicious of others and are not prone to trust others or to relax in their presence. Another characteristic of the disorder is that schizotypes are often odd and eccentric. They often harbor absurd superstitions such as a belief in ESP and many other psychic or paranormal phenomenons that are outside the boundaries of accepted thought. In some cases Schizotypes believe that they possess magical powers, such as the ability to control other people with their thoughts. (Buss 2002) As a result of these symptoms, people diagnosed with SPD have great difficulty with social relationships, and are often alienated from mainstream society. This paper aims to investigate the suspected causes of this strange disorder, focusing on environmental and hereditary factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some recent studies have found a correlation between the use of street drugs and instances of SPD. Researchers in New Zealand found that people who commonly used cannabis were more than three times as likely to develop schizophrenia and or schizotypal disorder later in life. There have been 30 published research experiments linking cannabis to these disorders. The increase in this evidence during the past decade has been attributed to increases in the potency of marijuana. (Allebeck 1993)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some street drugs are credited with not only increasing the risk of developing SPD, but actually in some cases have triggered the onset of the disorder. SPD and schizophrenia can some times be brought on by heavy use of hallucinogenic drugs, especially LSD; but it appears that a person has to have a predisposition towards developing SPD for this to occur. There is also some evidence suggesting that a person suffering from SPD but undergoing treatment can have a relapse episode by taking LSD. Methamphetamine and PCP are also known to mimic the symptoms of SBD, and can therefore bring about symptoms of the disorder without a previous diagnosis. (Allebeck) Some other research has found that enriched educational, nutritional and social environments substantially lower the risk of developing SPD.

Crude Oil Crisis Essay example -- Essays Papers

Crude Oil Crisis The modern world survives on a steady diet of energy that is obtained from a wide variety of places and is used in an even wider variety of ways. The undeniable dependence of our modern culture on energy has both positive and negative effects on the world we live in. While our lives get more convenient, the environment is suffering. While technology is used to improve the quality of life, our non-renewable energy resources are depleting. The double edged sword that is our energy reliance is a constant compromise between what the world wants, and what the world has. While solutions to these problems are difficult to enact, the world must be wise in the way that it consumes and uses the energy resources it has. It is estimated that 98.16 quadrillion Btu of energy are used in the United States each year, the vast majority of which comes from non-renewable resources such as crude petroleum oil, coal, and natural gas (EIA, February 2005). This is particularly true in the United States where these three sources account for roughly 87% ...

Use of Imagery and Metaphor in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum Est

Use of Imagery and Metaphor in Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Through vivid imagery and compelling metaphors "Dulce et Decorum Est" gives the reader the exact feeling the author wanted. The poem is an anti-war poem by Wilfred Owen and makes great use of these devices. This poem is very effective because of its excellent manipulation of the mechanical and emotional parts of poetry. Owen's use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument. Through the effective use of all three of these tools, this poem conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument.    To have a better understanding of the poem, it is important to understand some of Wilfred Owen?s history. Owen enlisted in the Artists? Rifles on October 21st 1915. He was eventually drafted to France in 1917. The birth of Owen?s imagery style used in his more famous poems was during his stay at Craiglockhart War Hospital, where he met Siegfried Sassoon (another great war poet). Owen?s new style (the one that was used in "Dulce et Decorum Est") embelished many poems between August 1917 and Septermber 1918 (Spartacus Internet Encyclopedia). On November 4, 1918, Wilfred Owed was killed by enemy machine gun fire as he tried to get his company across the Sambre Canal (Lane 167). The poem tells of a trip that Owen and his platoon of exhausted soldiers had while they were painfully making their way back to base after a harrowing time at the battlefront when a gas shell was fired at them. As a result of this, a soldier in his platoon was fatally gassed.    Owen has arranged the poem in three sectio... ...rase "Dulce et decorum est pro partria mori" means, "It is sweet and becoming to die for one's country." Owen calls this a lie by using good diction, vivid comparisons, and graphic images to have the reader feel disgusted at what war is capable of. This poem is extremely effective as an anti-war poem, making war seem absolutely horrid and revolting, just as the author wanted it to. Works Cited Lane, Arthur E. An Adequate Response. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972. Owen, Wilfred. "Dulce et Decorum Est". Literature and the Writing Process. Fifth ed. Ed. Elizabeth McMahhan, et al. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. 582-583.   "Owen, Wilfred," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2000. htt://encarta.msn.com    "Wilfred Owen." Spartacus Internet Encyclopedia 2000.   http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jowen.htm   

Racisim in assimilation policies from the beginning of 20th century

Racism is a practice of human discrimination that has been practiced in many parts of the world for a long time. Research concludes that even in the modern world, racism is practiced in different facets in our society from settlement patterns in multi-ethnic cities to employment, social interaction, and in many other areas.In the history of the world, there have been many incidences which have brought out the thorny issue of racism, some in a more direct way while others hidden in our institutions. In Australia, the practice of racism took a great height with the coming of British colonialist. Aborigines were discriminated from the rest of the society in different ways.Racism according to PettmanAccording to Pettman and Australia National University (1986) it is difficult to define the word racism since it is more an emotive word and its meaning keep on changing with the application. Racism can therefore be defined in relation to any practice which discriminate others based on a cert ain stereotype.For example in Australia social myths and stereotypes have always shown that Aborigines were not like others. In turn Australians have grown up understanding that Aborigines have one primitive culture, religion and language.Pettman concludes that there are four dimensions of racism including;(i)   Prejudice racism which is racism based on negative attitudes(ii)   Discrimination racism which is racism based negative behavior(iii)   Ideology racism is based on social myths(iv) Institutional racism which can be evidences by institutions which foster a certain pattern of racismRacism in Assimilation policiesBottomLey and Lepervanche (1984, p. 53) argue that assimilation policy has been widely practiced in Australia in the 20th century. The policy of removal of children from their indigenous families changed from being a state ad hoc policy to a well systematized strategy which was agreed on by governments both state and federal.Under the practice of assimilation, th ere was widespread â€Å"absorption† of native children and their assimilation with the colonial culture and practices.(i) Prejudice racismIn prejudice racism, individual are identified as relating to a particular group owing to their physical appearance, their culture or ethnic background whether it is real or supposed. Consequently they are judged according to the characteristics linked to that particular group. This it is labeling individuals on the bases of stereotyping.Young (1998, p. 6) asserts that along the path of assimilation in Australia, there were many Aboriginal women who were raped by white men. Consequently, this gave rise to another group of â€Å"mixed race† who had no foot in ethnicity background and were referred to with a lot of embarrassment and shame.However the society still regarded them as aboriginal despite European ancestry. Consequently they were removed from their group not because of their white blood but because if they were left to stay with the group they would end up acquiring their habits, culture and tradition. This was one of the highest levels of prejudice racism since they were treated as unequal to Europeans despite being fathered by European men owing to their relationship with Aboriginal mothers.

Proposed Vibration Monitoring And Analysis Engineering Essay

Vibration is a broad capable country that has continued to pull research over the old ages because of its import in about every aspect of daily life. From aircraft patterning to constructing design in temblor prone parts of the universe ; from plus status monitoring in assorted industrial workss to wheel reconciliation and alliance at the local auto garage, an application of the cognition of quiver rules can be observed. The quiver of an object can merely be referred to as the oscillating motion of that object about a average equilibrium place. The gesture is brought approximately by the application of some force or excitement. Common illustrations of this phenomenon include the gesture of plucked guitar strings, the gesture of tuning forks, and the shaking felt at the station floor when a train base on ballss, the agitating observed on the route when a heavy truck base on ballss or the rattle of the route workers ‘ impact cock. Some quiver nevertheless is non every bit pronounced as the illustrations given. For case houses and Bridgess vibrate every bit good. Normally, these quivers can non be detected by simply looking. When the excitement is big plenty, the vibrational gesture can be seen and this would likely ensue in the prostration of the construction. From the foregoing, it can be seen that some quiver is utile while some is destructive. The failure or devastation brought about by quiver is non an immediate 1. Vibration finally leads to a fatigue failure and this should be of involvement to the operators and upholders of works equipment. For the care applied scientist or plus direction practician, these facts about quiver can be translated to intelligent and informed determinations for industrial workss. With legion different devices, quiver degrees on works equipment can be detected, measured and recorded. It is possible to analyze the informations collected to find the status of an plus and even predict an at hand failure. All revolving or stationary works equipment have acceptable quiver degrees stipulated by criterions such as the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) Codes or developed in-house by Vibration Monitoring Engineers. A divergence from the acceptable quiver degrees is an indicant of the oncoming of impairment which is unwanted. This cognition gives insight into the existent status of a piece of equipment, eliminates guessing and enables the care applied scientist to be after a fitting response to the plus ‘s impairment. Such control and planning can take to a immense economy in care costs, prevent unneeded downtime, better safety and public presentation for any plus. Furthermore, quiver monitoring and analysis incorporates some advanced techniques for the find of the root cause of frequent machinery failures. Using these techniques can intend the difference between changeless dislocations and good plus handiness. It is the aim of this study to supply a clear cut proposal as to how to work out the job of the frequent failures of the Yoho High Pressure ( H.P. ) Flare Scrubber Pumps by the application of these advanced quiver analysis techniques and besides supply a method for supervising the status of the pump to pre-empt any impairment that can jump surprises. This will guarantee a decrease in present care costs and relieve the work load of care forces whose clip is tied up with the attention of these pumps. Case Study and job Description The Yoho H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps are perpendicular, turbine, submerged pumps that transfer cured liquids from the Flare Scrubber vas to the chief petroleum oil production heading on the Yoho offshore oil and gas installing. The pumps are submerged in barrels that receive provender from the H.P. scrubber vas by gravitation. The cured liquid is a mixture of H2O and light petroleum oil. There are three pumps on skid and these pumps are critical to works operations. One pumps runs at a clip and an extra pump or the other two pumps can be put in service, if the demand arise due to an increasing degree of liquid in the H.P. Flare Scrubber. In the event of an outage of all three pumps, the works could lose production to the melody of one hundred 1000 barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours ( 4100 barrels/hour ) . The pumps were commissioned in 2006 at works start-up and hold had legion failures since. They have proven undependable and soon a contractor ‘s pumps ( which are portable and of a different design ) , are relied upon to execute their map. There have been occasions when all three pumps are in a province of disrepair. These pumps normally run swimmingly for a piece and so go noisy, vibrate and eventually neglect. After a pump fails, it is taken out of the hole, sent to the shore-base for fix, sent back to the platform for reinstallation and so reinstalled. Probes of the legion failure instances reveal that the pump bearings, riser line drives and bushings have worn out given room for shaft drama, impeller harm and mechanical seal failure. Installation, fix and rebuild processs have been scrutinized and checked for quality. This has non yielded any dividends nevertheless, as the pumps maintain neglecting after two or three months in service. Fig. 1. overleaf shows a cut-away subdivision of the pumps. The diagram is supplied by the makers but is simplified as the existent H.P. Flare Scrubber pump has six impellers, a top column of 11inches length, two intermediate columns of 30 inches length, a bottom column of 30 inches length, and a pump bowl assembly of 36.25 inches length. The length of the pumps makes it hard for remotion and installing and as such care practicians, works operators and works direction have been invariably distressed by the frequent failure of these pumps. Fig. 1. Gould Pump Model VIC-T ( beginning ITT-Gould Product catalogue, [ online ] www.gouldspumps.com/pump_VIC.html [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Pump Specification Manufacturer: ITT-Gould Head shaft Length: 129 Inchs Head shaft Diameter: 1 Inch Seal Method: Mechanical Sealing wax Drive: 40 HP Electric Motor Differential Pressure: 200 Pounds per square inch Capacity: 180 Gallons per Minute Revolutions per minute: 3000 Impeller: 5 Weathervanes, Enclosed Failure and Maintenance History The tabular array below shows the failures and some care activities performed on the three H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps over a biennial period. The rows 69, 71, 72, 90,91,97,98,102,103 and 110 show times when none of the three pumps were operational. The cost of this inaccessibility of the pumps is multiplex. It ranges from the loss of production of about one hundred 1000 barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours, to punishments for non-compliance with environmental ordinances and most significantly, safety.Signal-to-noise ratioDateEVENT/ACTIVITYEQUIPMENT TAGNO. OF PUMPS AVAILABLECOMMENTS/ FINDINGS1 11-Jan-06 HP Flare Scrubber Pump B Auto Operation job YP-G-180 3A2 12-Jan-06 Trouble-shooting of LSLL-6207 on HP Flare Scrubber YP-G-180 3A3 1-Mar-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A and B YP-G-180A/B 3A411-Mar-06Pumps Operation StartedYP-G-180A/B /CAEarliest recorded day of the month of petroleum and produced H2O motion with YP installations5 5-Jun-06 Test-run HP Flare Scrubber Pump C with quiver group, QIT to find cause of inordinate quiver YP-G-180C 3 Expecting consequence 6 7-Jun-06 Investigating cause of inordinate quiver on HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 3 Vibration traced to damaged Mech. Sealing wax 7 9-Jun-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fixs YP-G-180C 2A8 9-Jun-06 Unblocked strainers on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A9 12-Jun-06 Rectified hapless discharge and noisy operation on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A10 19-Jun-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180AAA11 3-Jul-06 Completed installing of HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 3A12 4-Jul-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for fixs in QIT YP-G-180B 2A13 15-Jul-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A14 12-Aug-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A15 24-Aug-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; C suction strainer YP-G-180A/C 2A16 27-Aug-06 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 1A17 30-Aug-06 Rigged in HP Flare Scrubber Pump B after QIT fixs YP-G-180B 2A18 2-Sep-06 Removed shaft matching on HP Flare Scrubber pump B, removed motor and installed motor from pump Angstrom YP-G-180A/B 2 Electricians look intoing high electromotive force on motor 19 3-Sep-06 Transfer motor, pump and all associated parts from YP-G-180B to G-180A YP-G-180A/B 1A20 4-Sep-06 Installed pump caput, motor and shaft hub on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 1A21 5-Sep-06 Carried out matching runout cheques, impeller lift ( Reinstallation ) on pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A22 8-Sep-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 2A23 11-Sep-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A24 29-Oct-06 Bleed off gas from HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction and discharge line YP-G-180C 2A25 12-Nov-06 Replacement of Mech. Seal on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A26 13-Nov-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fixs in QIT YP-G-180C 1A27 28-Nov-06 Reinstallation of Pump C YP-G-180C 1A28 2-Dec-06 Completed installing of HP Flare Scrubber Pump C and test-ran it. YP-G-180C 2A29 21-Dec-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A and C YP-G-180A/C 2A30 6-Feb-07 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2A31 7-Feb-07 Continued installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2 Expecting Mech. Sealing wax 32 24-Apr-07 Installation of Mech. Seal on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A33 25-Apr-07 Completed Mech. Seal Installation of Pump B YP-G-180B 3A34 28-Apr-07 Troubleshoot overload trip mistake on Pump B YP-G-180B 3A35 30-Apr-07 Rechecked alliance of Bump B YP-G-180B 3A36 1-May-07 Rectified overload trip on Pump B- cleaned recess strainer YP-G-180B 3 Discharge line was filled with sand and sludge 37 14-May-07 Mech. Seal replacing on Pump C YP-G-180C 2 Shaft worn around Mech Seal 38 15-May-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fix at QIT YP-G-180C 2A39 27-May-07 Troubleshoot high quiver on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A40 30-May-07 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for fixs in QIT YP-G-180B 1A41 1-Jun-07 Assessed stuffs for stiff valves associated with pumps YP-G-180A/B /C 1A42 3-Jun-07 Reinstallation of Pump C YP-G-180C 1A43 6-Jun-07 Completed Pump C Installation YP-G-180C 2A44 7-Jul-07 Reinstallation of Pump B YP-G-180B 2A45 10-Jul-07 Completed Pump B Installation YP-G-180B 3A46 13-Jul-07 Troubleshoot frequent tripping of Pump B YP-G-180B 3 Electric motor job. This was fixed 47 21-Jul-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 2A48 22-Jul-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and installed in A barrel YP-G-180A/B 1 Pump B becomes Pump A 49 23-Jul-07 Alliance and commissioning of Pump A YP-G-180A 2A50 26-Jul-07 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; C suction strainers YP-G-180A/C 2A51 10-Aug-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 1A52 17-Aug-07 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A53 18-Aug-07 Continued installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A54 22-Aug-07 Alliance and commissioning of Pump A YP-G-180A 2A55 11-Sep-07 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 2A56 17-Oct-07 Removal and resettlement of Pump A to Pump B barrel YP-G-180A/B 2 Pump A becomes B 57 21-Oct-07 Investigate low discharge force per unit area on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A58 22-Oct-07 Replacement of Mech. Seal on Pump C YP-G-180C 2A59 23-Oct-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180B 1A60 24-Oct-07 Rigged out Pump A barrel for leak fixs by FMS YP-G-180A 1A61 25-Oct-07 Rigged in Pump A barrel after leak fixs by FMS YP-G-180A 1A62 28-Oct-07 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A63 29-Oct-07 Completed installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A64 31-Oct-07 Remove stiff hub from Pump B Motor YP-G-180B 2A65 3-Nov-07 Remove Motor to W/Shop to bore and tap broken bolts of Motor Fan CoverA2A66 29-Dec-07 Remove damaged pump C and commenced installing of refurbished pump YP-G-180C 1A67 30-Dec-07 Rig out Pump C due to miss of keyway on shaft YP-G-180C 1A68 1-Jan-08 Transferred bad pump to lading bay for QIT W/ShopA1A69 8-Jan-08 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump A for fix in QIT YP-G-180A 0A70 9-Jan-08 Installed Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 1A71 10-Jan-08 Removal of Pump A YP-G-180A 0 Pump stiff. 72 12-Jan-08 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 0A73 13-Jan-08 Completed installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A74 27-Jan-08 Rigged in Pump B and commissioned same YP-G-180B 2A75 4-Mar-08 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A76 13-Apr-08 Removal and resettlement of Pump A to Pump C barrel YP-G-180A/C 1 Pump A barrel leaking petroleum from cut bleed line. Pump A becomes C 77 14-Apr-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A78 15-Apr-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A79 17-Apr-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180B 1A80AAAAA81 18-Apr-08 Removal of dust from Pump barrel YP-G-180B 1A82 21-Apr-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A83 22-Apr-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2A84 9-May-08 Commenced set uping out Pump C YP-G-180C 1A85 10-May-08 Completed set uping out Pump C YP-G-180C 1A86 17-May-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A87 18-May-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A88 20-May-08 Rectified failure to raise on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A89 23-May-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 1A90 26-May-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for QIT fixs YP-G-180C 0A91 27-May-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 0A92 28-May-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A93 13-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A94 14-Jun-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A95 17-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 1A96 17-Jun-08 Troubleshoot failure to raise on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A97 18-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for QIT fixs YP-G-180C 0A98 20-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 0A99 21-Jun-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A100 22-Jun-08 Reconfirmed Pump B alliance YP-G-180B 1A101 24-Jun-08 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump B YP-G-180B 1A102 26-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 0A103 30-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump B on freshly designed base YP-G-180C 0 FMS welding / design inaccurate. Pump pulled out to C-Barrel 104 1-Jul-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A105 5-Jul-08 Swapped Barrel B to ‘A ‘ Position YP-G-180A 1A106 11-Jul-08 Investigated unusual noise on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A107 22-Jul-08 Worked with FMS to measure alteration of Pump bases YP-G-180A/B /CAA108 26-Jul-08 Installed pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A109 29-Jul-08 Removed pump C YP-G-180C 1A110 31-Jul-08 Commence remotion of Pump A YP-G-180A 0AFig.2. Failure and Maintenance Summary for H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps, YP Literature Review Graham and Nurcombe ( 2003 ) , observed that many perpendicular submergible pump failures happen instead out of the blue, without due warning and rough economic climes and competition has become an inducement for equipment operators to want to acquire the best service out of their equipment. This translates to higher life anticipation with works equipment and as such status supervising engineerings such as Vibration, Lubricant and Exhaust gas analyses have become really popular to forestall unwanted and unplanned machinery outages. Of the afore-mentioned techniques, Vibration analysis they say, is likely the most of import because of its proved efficaciousness and global credence in many industries. In a instance history of submergible pumps at Saudi Aramco, they highlighted the demand to cognize the status of the pump internals which were submerged in liquid and are normally without status monitoring. ISO codes specify that bearings be monitored but this is non straight done for submerged pumps because the bearings are usually unaccessible. Alternatively, ISO allows measurings to be taken from the accessible parts of the machine i.e. from the Electric motor and the downside of this is that plentifulness of quiver information gets losing or attenuated. A batch of the mistakes associated with perpendicular submergible pumps nevertheless arise from those unaccessible places e.g. cavitation, flow induced quiver etc. , and as such supervising the status of the submersed parts straight provides a valuable beginning of information for predictive and diagnostic steps that can do large cost nest eggs for equipment operators. They have developed and tested transducers and quiver monitoring equipment which can be used to straight acquire information from the submerged pump parts. It is non plenty merely to supervise the quiver status of these pumps nevertheless. The job at manus is that of the frequent failures of the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps from the very clip they were commissioned. Installing the submergible quiver monitoring devices would decidedly assist to foretell the failures but would make nil to place the implicit in cause of the frequent failures. So, the failures might be predicted but would go on often however. The root-cause of these failures demands to be identified so that a permanent solution can be developed. Vibration analysis besides makes this possible. Sinha ( 2008 ) shows that site installing of machines has effects on their quiver and dynamic features, even when they are good designed. He points to the fact that many freshly installed machines vibrate severely and neglect often merely as has been described in the debut and in the care history of the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps. Hence it is of import to decide any machine installing jobs if equipment handiness is desired. A quiver analysis and dynamic word picture technique known as Modal Testing can be used to uncover the natural frequences of the machine installing assembly and the operating velocity checked to see if near to any of the natural frequences. Operating machines at velocities at or shut to structural natural frequences brings about resonance which is seen as inordinate quiver. This trial makes it possible to place the right places on the construction to use stiffening in order to cut down quiver by modifying the structural natural frequences. He gave some illustration s were these had been done successfully to extinguish frequent machinery failures. DeMatteo ( 2001 ) presents a instance survey of how the quiver analysis methods of Modal Testing and Operating Deflection Shape have been used to work out the job of inordinate quiver on perpendicular pumps which are similar to the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps. A common yet enfeebling mistake for these pumps is cavitation. A mentioned earlier, it occurs at the submersed parts of this pump where there is no status monitoring as of the present. Cavitation is a phenomenon that takes topographic point in these kinds of pumps when the impact of a fall ining vapor of the fluid been pumped causes harm to the impellers and other pump internals. Vapour-bubbles can be formed within the wired fluid at low force per unit area pump internals as a consequence or restricted suction, fluctuating liquid degrees of the H.P. Flare Scrubber vas etc. When these bubbles move on to higher force per unit area countries within the pump, they collapse and cause harm to the pump. Wilcoxon Research says that, â€Å" The prostration of the bubbles is a violent procedure that creates an impacting action inside the pump. This impact will excite high frequence resonances in the pump construction. † For this ground, they advocate the usage of quiver detectors in pum ps. Cernetic ( 2009 ) says in the same vena, that quiver signals should be used to observe cavitation at the early phases of development since this phenomenon causes pump harm and a decrease in efficiency. From the foregoing, the instance for forestalling failures is being made and the demand for Condition Based Maintenance ( CBM ) emphasised. Prickett and Eavery ( 1991 ) compared preventative care and Breakdown care with CBM. CBM is shown to be cheaper and as such is required for the H.P. Flare Scrubbers if concern profitableness and equipment handiness are desired. Overview of Proposed Vibration Monitoring and Analysis Based Solution to Frequent Failures First and first, it must be ascertained that the site installing of the three pumps is non doing any quiver jobs. The Vibration analysis techniques of Modal Testing and Operating Deflection Shape are proposed for usage to find the root-cause of the frequent failures. Modal proving on the one manus would demo structural natural frequences, node points and manner forms for the three pumps. The manner form is the warp of the construction at any natural frequence. This information would assist to find: if operating velocity is perilously close to the structural natural frequences, the dynamic feature of the construction and the points of least or no warp on the construction ( nodes ) – where supports or stiffening may be added in order to relieve quiver degrees. The Impact cock method shall be used to transport this trial out, in situ. The Operating Deflection Shape ( ODS ) on the other manus, would as the name implies show the warp of each pump construction at the operating frequence of 50Hz ( 3000RPM ) . In other words, the ODS would demo the consequence of the operating velocity on assorted parts of the construction and it can be seen if points on the construction vibrate in stage or non. Should parts of a construction non travel in stage with the other parts, destructive burden can happen which can give rise to frequent failures. Transporting out these trials as mentioned above would place jobs with the installing. Solving the installing jobs would extinguish the frequent failures. The solution as mentioned earlier, normally involves the application of supports in identified places or the stiffening of bing supports. After the installing jobs are taken attention of, it is proposed that for good mounted quiver detectors are put in topographic point. For the open parts of the pump assembly i.e. the electric motor, it is proposed that two accelerometers be mounted at each of the antifriction bearing lodging countries. The accelerometers would be stud mounted at each bearing lodging at right angles apart. Having these accelerometers installed in add-on to the analysis of the generated signals would do it possible to observe bearing mistakes at their incipient phases, such that something could be done to forestall a more dearly-won harm to the whole pump assembly. As for the submersed parts of the pump, i.e. the journal bearings, the shaft, the impeller/bowl assembly, the Bently Nevada designed submergible propinquity investigations are proposed for usage to supervise the quiver and give diagnostic and prognostic capablenesss for such mistakes as cavitation, impeller harm, weariness shaft cleft, instability etc. , which are the common mistakes of machinery such as these and can merely be detected by submersed detectors. Understanding what goes on in the pump hole is critical to maintaining the pump healthy. For case cavitation can be detected on clip with these investigations, procedure conditions changed and the dependability of the pumps maintained. The quiver information collected by these detectors would be analysed and used to do quality determinations sing the needed care responses. Analysis techniques would include frequence spectrum analysis, envelope analysis, polar secret plans, orbit secret plans etc. This three prong attack is strongly believed to extinguish the frequent failures, cut down the overall care costs and assist in guaranting the handiness of the three H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps. The techniques shall be expounded in more item within this study and all the necessary tools and quiver signal processing methods shall be specified. In-Situ Modal Testing for the Pumps This quiver trial is to uncover any jobs with the installing of the pumps which might be responsible for the frequent failures experienced within the past few old ages. In this trial, the natural frequences, manner form and nodes will be determined for each pump construction. An instrumented cock would be used to provide impact or energy to each construction at a known frequence and responses measured. When there is resonance, elaboration would be seen in the response spectrum. A Frequency Response Function ( FRF ) is obtained utilizing the force and the response spectra. The response can be represented as: FRF= = A + J B Where A= Real Part, B= Imaginary Part and Phase = At Resonance, the exciting frequence from impact cock = Natural Frequency of Pump Structure. A 0, B gives the Mode Shape, and Phase 90A ° The computations are performed and graphs displayed by the FFT ( Fast Fourier Transformation ) Analyzer as shown below. Fig. 3. Time sphere and frequence sphere signals. ( Beginning: M14 Lecture Notes, 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The FRF shows frequence extremums which may or may non be structural natural frequences. However, for the structural natural frequences, the relationships shown supra would all use. The existent portion of the curve ( A ) would go through through nothing and the stage would alter by 90A ° . The fanciful portion of the FRF gives the manner form. So, the needed equipment for the unmoved average testing of the pump constructions are as follows: Some accelerometers positioned along points on a pump construction ( accelerometers can be secured by magnetic agencies ) An instrumented cock An FFT Analyzer Cable connexions for cock and accelerometers to analyzer Post Processing Software. The diagram below shows the layout for the trial. The instrumented cock is used to excite the pump construction and the responses taken from the measuring points and analysed to give all the information required i.e. manner form, nodes and natural frequences. Fig.4. Schematic of Vertical Pump Impact Test Fig. 5. Impact Test and Modal parametric quantities ( beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) Fig.6. Mode shapes from Imaginary Part of FRF ( beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) Fig.7. Example of manner form obtained from pump modal proving. ( Beginning: Sinha J.K. , ( 2008 ) , â€Å" Vibration-based Diagnosis Techniques Used in Nuclear Power Plants: An Overview of Experiences † , Nuclear Engineering and Design, Elsevier B.V. , Volume 238, Issue 9, pp. 2439-2452. From the attendant manner forms and ascertained natural frequences, penetration can be obtained as to the exact places for stiffening application or mass remotion in order to alter the natural frequences. Experience has shown that resonance in these kind of instances is due to the intimacy of the operating velocity ( runing frequence or 1x ) or multiples thereof, to one or more structural natural frequences. For the pump described in fig.7. above, the job was solved welding a thick home base to the stool in order to stiffen it and by put ining extra u-bolts on the discharge line. Operating Deflection Shape The Operating Deflection Shape ( ODS ) merely shows how much the pump construction is traveling at a peculiar frequence ( most significantly, the normal runing velocity ) and how much difference there is in stage between different points of the pump construction as it operates. The set-up is merely as was used for the average testing. The difference nevertheless, is that the instrumented cock is non used to excite the construction. Alternatively the machine would be run at its normal operating velocity and quiver informations collected from the accelerometers is fed to the multi-channel analyser. The end product from the analyser is so fed into the computing machine which would hold installed specializer package for ODS show. The show would demo the existent quiver form of the construction. It would be clearly seen, if the pump construction is flexing, if parts are traveling out of stage with one another etc. It would be seen if any status exists which contributes to frequent failures. Fig.8. Example of Software Animation of ODS FRF informations. ( Beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) It is proposed that both Modal Testing and ODS analysis be carried out by contractors who are specializers in the country of survey and have a proved path record of success. Proposed Permanently Mounted Vibration-based Condition Monitoring System Fig.9. Set-up of Proposed Permanently mounted quiver monitoring system for the H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps ( Influenced by Fig.5. , Graham K.M. and Nurcombe B. , ( 2003 ) , â€Å" Vertical Water Pumps- What ‘s Happening Down The Hole † , Orbit Magazine, 1Q 2003, pp. 4-9 ) Fig. 10. Orthogonally mounted propinquity investigations [ on-line ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The proposed for good mounted quiver monitoring and analysis system for each pump would hold the followers: Four Bently Nevada 330400 Accelerometers mounted as shown on the diagram Four 3300XL 8mm submerged Proximity Probes mounted in Custom Housings ( two each for two different journal places along shaft length ) A Bently Nevada 1900/65 General Condition Equipment Monitor A tacho-sensor for shaft place mention ( from any reputable manufacturer- Bently Nevada, SKF, Endevco ) and, A laptop with the Bently Nevada System 1 version 6.5 Diagnostic package installed for the analysis of information collected by any of the proctors. The accelerometers would be used to mensurate the quiver degrees of the anti-friction bearings on the pumps ‘ electric motors while the submersed propinquity investigations would mensurate shaft quiver, within the impeller shell and intermediate columns. All the transducer information would be collected by the 1900/65 proctor for each equipment. The proctors are designed for uninterrupted monitoring and readouts from them can be checked from clip to clip by dedicated forces or works operators. Besides, these proctors have the capableness of being tied into bing works control systems such that quiver warning degrees and danger bounds for each pump can be announced in control suites via hearable dismaies or visible radiations when these degrees are breached. Additionally, there is the capableness to configure trips and closures in the instance of high quiver degrees occasioned by mistakes such as cavitation. The proctors can be installed near to the equipment in sheltered enclosures, utilizing a short overseas telegram tally. The System 1 package is capable of advanced quiver analysis through the usage of shows such as Bode Plots, Spectral shows, Polar secret plans, Envelope analysis, etc. It is besides capable of informations acquisition and storage which makes swerving possible. Detailed specifications for the assorted equipment are supplied in the appendix. Signal Conditioning and Processing As is good known, the end product from the accelerometers and propinquity investigations are linear and clip sphere signals. These have to be converted to digital end products and frequence sphere signatures for mistake diagnosing to be carried out. This is achieved by the Fast Fourier Transformation ( FFT ) algorithm. Analyzing the frequences shown in a spectrum is indispensable for understanding implicit in machinery mistakes, as certain mistakes have distinguishable frequence features. For case, pump revolving velocity would be shown in the frequence spectrum and mistakes on the shaft could be presented as multiples of revolving frequence. The Bently Nevada 1900/65 proctor and System 1 package facilitate this. Fig. 11. Time sphere and frequence sphere signals. ( Beginning: M04 Lecture Notes, 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The quiver measuring devices have been chosen carefully to understate the noise and unwanted intervention to measuring signals. The Bently Nevada 1900/65 has the capableness for low base on balls filtering and high base on balls filtering and these can be configured to accommodate user demands. This helps to extinguish the aliasing consequence and other instrument related noise. ( See merchandise specification sheet in appendix for inside informations ) . There is besides the capableness for envelope analysis by the usage of criterion or enhanced demodulation. This is supported by proctor and analysis package and is peculiarly utile for the early sensing of mistakes on the electric motor anti-friction bearings. Diagnosis Software Display Plots and Uses The following show some of the show plots that can be generated by the diagnostic package: Bode Performance map Rotor stator profile Rotor form Hydro air spread Phasor Histogram Octave Casacade/Full Casacade Current values Bar graph Machine train diagram Alarm/System event list Trend / Multivariable tendency Tabular list Time base ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Orbit / Time base ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Orbit ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Shaft mean center line Spectrum / Full spectrum ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Ten vs. Y Waterfall / Full waterfall Polar/Acceptance part Of the list above, accents would be placed on the Bode, Polar, Orbit, Shaft mean centreline and Waterfall secret plans. These secret plans can be used during normal and transeunt machine conditions to expose the normally experient mistakes. The Bode secret plan is really utile in placing the critical velocity ( natural frequence ) of a machine, as it shows the quiver behavior of the said machine during start-up or shut-down ( transeunt conditions ) . Fig. 12. Bode Plot Example. [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/bode_polar_plots/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The polar secret plan gives the amplitude of 1X ( machine RPM or runing frequence ) and its stage difference from the mention place. The amplitude and stage behaviors can be interpreted to existent equipment wellness or defect. Fig. 13. Polar Plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/bode_polar_plots/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Orbit secret plan hints out how the shaft is revolving within the bearing. This tells how much clearance exists between shaft and bearing wall. This information is priceless as it can be used to find bearing load alterations and the oncoming of bearing wear. Fig. 14. Orbit Plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Shaft centreline secret plan is used in much the same manner as the orbit secret plan in that it can be used to state how much wear has happened within a bearing. The secret plan checks the concentricity or eccentricity of shaft running within a diary bearing, as the name implies. Fig. 15. Shaft Centerline secret plan illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Waterfall secret plan is utile during the transeunt machine operations. It shows how frequency constituents such as 1X, 2X, 3X etc alteration with clip or any other variable. The information obtained can be used to do good judgements as to existent machine conditions. Fig. 16. Waterfall plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //integratedpro.com/content/ ? p=1114 [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Diagnosis ChartMistakeSteady province CharacteristicTransient State CharacteristicShaft hang-up 0.3 X shown in frequence spectrum, Funny Orbit secret plan forms and discontinuities thereof. Imbalance Merely 1X is seen in frequence spectrum, 1X additions with clip and the Phase angle alterations Bode Plot remains the same, There is no alteration in critical velocity or stage angle when compared with the healthy status. Misalignment ( or Preload in the instance of unstable bearings ) 1X,2X,3X,4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum, Phase angle remains changeless The orbit secret plan will non change with velocity and polar secret plan remains the same. Crack 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum and these continually alteration in amplitude. The stage angle alterations every bit good. There is amplitude and phase alteration of 1X constituent in the polar secret plan, The orbit secret plan alterations from a figure eight form to a cringle incorporating a little cringle. Bend Merely 1X is seen in frequence spectrum, 1X additions with clip and the Phase angle alterations A signal alteration of stage takes topographic point at critical velocity. Mechanical Diarrhea Presence of 0.3X, 0.5X, 1X,1.5X,2x, 2.5X in frequence spectrum Motor Bearing Damage Bearing Characteristic Frequencies would be seen in spectrum Fluid induced instability The presence of 0.45-0.48 X in spectrum when fluid natural frequence is approached by circumferential velocity of fluid, stand foring Oil Whirl. The presence of 0.45-0.48 X in spectrum when fluid natural frequence is approached by circumferential velocity of fluid, stand foring Oil Whirl Oil Whip consequences when Pump System rotor natural frequence peers fluid ‘s. Fig. 17. Diagnosis Chart for common mistakes ( Beginning: Sinha J.K. , M14 Lecture notes 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) Fault Diagnosis Process The overall quiver degrees measuring would be the first phase of protection for the pumps. The ISO recommends the usage of RMS values of speed for overall quiver measuring. Limits for acceptable quiver would be set and configured into the Bently Nevada 1900/65 proctors in footings of Velocity ( RMS ) . These proctors can denote when the bounds have been breached and this would motivate farther probe and trials. These bounds can be obtained from ISO tabular arraies or decided upon in-house by the care applied scientist. The proctor would demo which peculiar detector or detectors has detected a mistake. Furthermore, the proctor and diagnosing package proposed are capable of informations acquisition and storage which make it possible for swerving. The tendencies would be observed hebdomadal and when a set quiver bound is approached, the frequence of review is increased and trials such as the 1s mentioned before can be carried out to determine the mistake type, so a fitting care response can be planned. Fig. 18. Swerving illustration ( beginning: M04 CBM Lecture notes ( 2010 ) , MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The mistake diagnosing chart would be used in concurrence with the FMEA diagram, 1900/65 proctor event logs and assorted applicable show secret plans ( frequence spectrum shows, Bode secret plan, Polar secret plan etc ) to corroborate the exact mistake of the pumps. Pump related frequences would be noted such that when they appear in the frequence spectrum, they can easy be identified. FMEA, Symptoms of identified impairment mechanismsPotential Failure ModePotential Effectss of FailurePotential Failure CausesSymptoms of identified impairment mechanisms1 Antifriction Bearing mistake ( Electric motor ) Bearing Seizure, Misalignment, Damage to motor shaft, Mechanical seal failure. Poor lubrication, Resonance High Frequency Hump seen in Frequency spectrum related to bearing lodging natural frequence 2 Shaft Cracks Shaft Fracture, Loss of pump action Resonance, Manufacturing defects 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum. These addition in amplitude over clip. 3 Cavitation Impeller Damage, Reduced end product, Pump loss. Process disturbances, Gas lock in Pump Barrel Noisy operation, High frequence extremums in spectrum 4 Imbalance Excessive Vibration, B Damage to bearings and Impellers, Pump loss. Wear, Impeller harm 1x constituent in frequence spectrum which increases in amplitude over clip. 5 Journal Bearing Wear Lateral shaft drama, Shaft harm Matching misalignment Noisy operation, Lateral shaft drama, 6 Impeller Damage Reduced end product, Pump loss, Imbalance, Improper assembly, Cavitation, Flow-induced quiver Blade Passing frequence nowadays in frequence spectrum ( 5X,10X etc ) 7 Bent Shaft Bearing harm, High quiver Matching misalignment, Resonance Axial quiver, 1X presence in frequence spectrum 8 Matching Misalignment Resonance, Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Improper assembly, Resonance 1X,2X,3X,4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum 9 Shaft hang-up Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Matching misalignment 0.3X, 0.5X presence in quiver spectrum secret plan 10 Diarrhea Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Resonance, Improper Assembly The presence of 0.5X, 1X, 1.5X, 2X, 2.5X etc in frequence spectrum Fig. 19. FMEA tabular array for pump and motor assembly. Cost and Man-Power Implications of Vibration Monitoring and Analysis Set-up The monetary values given are estimations based on monetary values obtained from assorted cyberspace shopping web sites. They are non unequivocal as Bently Nevada gives monetary values based on different functionality demands and applications worldwide. Item Measure required for all three pumps Unit Price ( $ ) Price ( $ ) Accelerometer, Bently Nevada 330400 12 500 6000 Monitor, Bently Nevada 1900/65 3 2500 7500 Submersible Proximity investigations, Bently Nevada 12 1000 12000 Tacho Sensor, Bently Nevada 3 300 900 Laptop 1 1000 1000 System 1 Diagnostic Software Licence, Bently Nevada 1 20000 20000 Training for quiver applied scientist ( from bing care administration ) 2500Entire Price $ 49,900Fig.20. Cost breakdown of needed equipment for for good mounted quiver monitoring and analysis system. At lease one applied scientist with accomplishments for quiver monitoring and analysis would be required to supervise the whole set-up. He must be trained and competent in the usage of assorted show secret plans, signal processing and conditioning, for mistake designation and sensing. This cognition can besides be used on other critical works equipment such as the gas turbines and the centrifugal gas compressor. The dynamic word picture trials are to be contracted out to see service suppliers with the equal hardware and package for real-time life of vibrational gesture. It is estimated that the cost of this service would be circa $ 100,000. This brings the expansive sum of the proposed quiver programme from the frequent pump failures solution to for good installed status monitoring to about $ 150,000. Benefits and Limits of the proposed Vibration-based Condition Monitoring System The proposed set-up for monitoring and analyzing the quiver from the pumps has rather a figure of benefits. From the concern point of position, it is an investing because it can forestall dearly-won failures. The dollar value of the pumps ‘ failure within the biennial period considered in this study easy exceeds $ 1million when fix costs, trim parts, logistics and man-hours expended are considered. For the care administration, the presence of these vibration-based status monitoring equipment, makes it possible for care to be pro-active instead than reactive. Furthermore, frequent failures are eliminated which give room for better planning and more clip for effectual and efficient care. The cost of the quiver monitoring and analysis equipment can be seen to be a little monetary value to pay for plus handiness, enhanced productiveness and even safety. The restriction to the proposed system is the accomplishment, cognition and competency of the applied scientist or applied scientists who are in charge of the set-up. The signals for any mistake status would ever be picked up by the monitoring equipment. The proper and accurate diagnosing of mistakes and subsequent care determinations made are the remit of the applied scientist ( s ) responsible for the vibration-based status monitoring programme. In add-on, quiver monitoring equipment could neglect and necessitate replacing. Decision A glimpse through the summarised failure and care history of the H.P. flair scrubber pumps for a two twelvemonth period reveals the sum of resources expended on them and their hapless handiness. Clearly so, something new and different from the old attacks should be attempted. This proposed system covers all the grounds- from installing jobs check, procedure vagaries that cause cavitation, to common mistakes experienced by revolving machines such as bearing defects and matching misalignments to advert a few. Besides, the proposed methods are tested and trusted and can lend to nest eggs in care cost, works handiness and safety which are cardinal public presentation indexs for most industrial workss. Appendix i- Bently Nevada 1900/65 Monitor [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix ii- Bently Nevada 330400 Accelerometers [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix iii- Bently Nevada System 1 Diagnostic Software [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix iv- Vibration Severity Limits for Machines Fig. 21. ISO 10816 Vibration Severity Limit Chart Appendix v- Submersible Proximity Probes [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ]